A new survey by the Pew Research Center highlights major differences between Europe and the USA not only in the level of religious affiliation but in what exactly religious affiliation means.
In the USA people who identify as non-practising Christian, i.e., people who self-identify as 'Christians' but who don't go to church regularly or, in some instanced, don't believe in God, are far more likely to believe in God with absolute certainty (27%) than Europeans (3%); they are ten times more likely to pray daily (20% and 2% respectively), to attend religious services at least monthly (9% and 1% respectively) and think religion is important in their lives (13% and 1% respectively).
In Europe 'Christian' is much more a cultural identified rather than a statement of religious belief, with 16% calling themselves Christian but not actually believing in any god and only 24% believing in the god of the Bible. The remaining 51% believe in a 'higher power' of some sort but not the Biblical god. In effect, 16% of European 'Christians' are actually Atheists and have no problem describing themselves as Christian Atheists, just as non-religious Jews will identify themselves as Jewish Atheists.
Hidden in that statistic is the fact that 67% of European 'Christians' don't believe in the Bible, or at least the god described in it, and implicitly reject the Bible as the divine word of the Christian god. Curiously, 2% of church-attending Christians don't believe in any god. Presumably they attend regularly with someone who does believe in the Biblical God.
- Secularization is widespread in Western Europe, but most people in the region still identify as Christian. Rising shares of adults in Western Europe describe themselves as religiously unaffiliated, and about half or more in several countries say they are neither religious nor spiritual. Still, when asked, “What is your present religion, if any?” and given a list of options, most people identify as Christian, including 71% in Germany and 64% in France.
- Even though most people identify as Christian in the region, few regularly attend church. In every country except Italy, non-practicing Christians (that is, those who attend church no more than a few times a year) outnumber church-attending Christians (those who attend church weekly or monthly). In the UK, for example, there are three times as many non-practicing Christians (55%) as practicing Christians (18%). Non-practicing Christians also outnumber religiously unaffiliated adults in most countries surveyed.
- Christians in Western Europe, including non-practicing Christians, believe in a higher power. Although many non-practicing Christians say they do not believe in God “as described in the Bible,” they do tend to believe in some other higher power or spiritual force in the universe. By contrast, most church-attending Christians say they believe in God as depicted in the Bible. And religiously unaffiliated adults generally say they do not believe in God or any higher power or spiritual force in the universe. Non-practicing Christians are also more likely than religiously unaffiliated adults to embrace spiritual concepts such as having a soul and feeling a connection to something that cannot be measured.
- Majorities in most countries across the region say they would be willing to accept Muslims in their families and in their neighborhoods. Still, undercurrents of discomfort with multiculturalism are evident in Western European societies. People hold mixed views on whether Islam is compatible with their national values and culture, and most favor at least some restrictions on the religious clothing worn by Muslim women. In addition, roughly half or more in most countries in the region say it is important to have been born and have ancestry in a country to truly share its national identity. For example, roughly half of Finnish adults say it is important to be born in Finland (51%) and to have Finnish family background (51%) to be truly Finnish.
- Christian identity in Western Europe is associated with higher levels of nationalism and negative sentiment toward immigrants and religious minorities. Across the region, Christians, church-attending or not, are more likely than religiously unaffiliated adults to say “Islam is fundamentally incompatible with our country’s values and culture.” In Germany, as in several other countries, overall public opinion is split on whether Islam is compatible with German values and culture, with 55% of churchgoing Christians saying Islam is incompatible with German values and culture, compared with 45% among non-practicing Christians and 32% among religiously unaffiliated adults. Similarly, both practicing and non-practicing Christians are more likely than religiously unaffiliated adults to say their culture is superior to others, and to favor reducing immigration from its current levels.
- Aside from religious identity, other factors – such as education, political ideology and personal familiarity with Muslims – are associated with levels of nationalist, anti-immigrant and anti-religious minority sentiment. Western Europeans who have a college education are less likely than others to say they would not accept Jews or Muslims in their family, or to say their culture is superior to others. And people who say they personally know someone who is Muslim also are less likely to express these kinds of sentiments. Conversely, Western Europeans on the right of the ideological spectrum are more likely than those on the left to say they would be unwilling to accept Jews or Muslims in their family, or that it is important to have been born in their country to truly belong.
- In Europe today, attitudes toward Jews and attitudes toward Muslims are highly correlated with one another. Although current debates on multiculturalism in Europe largely focus on Islam and Muslims, people who say they would be unwilling to accept Muslims in their family are also more likely than others to say they would be unwilling to accept Jewish people in their family. And those who agree with the statement, “In their hearts, Muslims want to impose religious law on everyone else in our country,” are also more likely to agree with the statement, “Jews always pursue their own interests and not the interests of the country they live in.” The survey also finds familiar patterns by religious identity when it comes to views about Jewish people: Although most Christians overall say they would be willing to accept Jews in their families, Christians are somewhat more likely than religiously unaffiliated adults to express negative sentiments toward Jews.
- Majorities across the region, including most Christians, favor legal same-sex marriage and abortion. Similar to religiously unaffiliated adults, the vast majority of non-practicing Christians say gay and lesbian couples should be allowed to legally marry, and that abortion should be legal in all or most cases. Churchgoing Christians are less likely to take these positions, but even among religious Christians, majorities favor gay marriage and legal abortion in Belgium, Denmark, France, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK.
- The prevailing view in Western Europe is that religion should be kept separate from government policies. In Sweden, for example, 80% of respondents favor separation of religion and government, as do 72% in Belgium. Still, substantial minorities in several countries, including 38% in the UK and 45% in Switzerland, say government policies should support religious values and beliefs in the country, a position much more popular among churchgoing Christians than among non-practicing Christians. Religiously unaffiliated adults are less likely than Christians at all levels of practice to support church-state ties.
- The share of religiously unaffiliated adults in several Western European countries is comparable to the share of religiously unaffiliated adults in the U.S., but American “nones” are more religious than their European counterparts. About a quarter of Americans (23% as of 2014) say they are atheist, agnostic or “nothing in particular,” similar to the shares of religiously unaffiliated adults in the UK (23%) and Germany (24%). But while secularization is evident on both sides of the Atlantic, unaffiliated Americans are much more likely than their counterparts in Europe to pray and to believe in God, just as U.S. Christians are considerably more religious than Christians across Western Europe. In fact, by some of these standard measures of religious commitment, American “nones” are as religious as – or even more religious than – Christians in several European countries, including France, Germany and the UK.
It's worth repeating that last sentence in the final main finding above. "In fact, by some of these standard measures of religious commitment, American “nones” are as religious as – or even more religious than – Christians in several European countries, including France, Germany and the UK."
This probably illustrates better than anything how weak is the religious commitment of many Europeans. In the USA "none" simply means not committed to any particular religion or church but in Europe it means not even identifying with a particular cultural group. Europe, of course, has a long history of religious conflict, especially between Catholic and Protestant, as can still be seen in Northern Ireland. There have often been periods of conflict between Christians (of any church) and Jews.
This has resulted in cultural divides that have been retained, independently of the strength of religiosity over time, so 'Christian' often means not Muslim or Jewish, for example, and in other places Catholic means not Protestant or Orthodox. In other words, these are very often cultural labels, not religious ones.
Another finding of note is that there are large majorities even amongst practising Christians for same sex marriages and abortion on demand across the area, highlighting how out of step the Catholic Church is with public opinion and how little influence religious teaching now has on developing social mores. There is also a substantial majority in favour of the separation of church and state with figures as high as 80% in Sweden for complete separation.
Not surprisingly, church-going Christians are much more in favour of government policies reflecting religious beliefs than non-practising Christians are, suggesting that practising Christians are less tolerant of others and have a sense of entitlement to make laws for others to follow, than non-practising Christians. This is supported by the finding that practising Christians are less likely to welcome a Muslim or Jew into their family or neighbourhood and are more inclined to assume Jews and Muslims have agenda which includes subversion and are less likely to be patriotic than non-practising Christians are.
In other words, practising European Christians are likely to be less tolerant, more judgemental and more divisive than non-practising Christians.
Ten Reasons To Lose Faith: And Why You Are Better Off Without It
This book explains why faith is a fallacy and serves no useful purpose other than providing an excuse for pretending to know things that are unknown. It also explains how losing faith liberates former sufferers from fear, delusion and the control of others, freeing them to see the world in a different light, to recognise the injustices that religions cause and to accept people for who they are, not which group they happened to be born in. A society based on atheist, Humanist principles would be a less divided, more inclusive, more peaceful society and one more appreciative of the one opportunity that life gives us to enjoy and wonder at the world we live in.
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Very interesting!
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