Creationism in Crisis - Evolution Explains Why Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos Have So Much in Common

Creationism in Crisis

Evolution Explains Why Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos Have Much in Common

Bonobo, Pan paniscus

Creationism in Crisis

Evolution Explains Why Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos Have Much in Common

Bonobo, Pan paniscus

Creationism in Crisis

Evolution Explains Why Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos Have Much in Common

Bonobo, Pan paniscus

Creationism in Crisis

Evolution Explains Why Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos Have Much in Common

Bonobo, Pan paniscus

Creationism in Crisis

Evolution Explains Why Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos Have Much in Common

Bonobo, Pan paniscus

Creationism in Crisis

Evolution Explains Why Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos Have Much in Common

Bonobo, Pan paniscus

Creationism in Crisis

Evolution Explains Why Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos Have Much in Common

Bonobo, Pan paniscus

Creationism in Crisis

Evolution Explains Why Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos Have Much in Common

Bonobo, Pan paniscus

Creationism in Crisis

Evolution Explains Why Humans, Chimpanzees and Bonobos Have Much in Common

Bonobo, Pan paniscus

Bonobos and chimps: what our closest relatives tell us about humans

Common chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes

Evolution not only explains why humans share 98.7% of our DNA with chimpanzees and bonobos, it also explains why so much of our basic culture has its counterpart in those two species, and why so much of what we once wrongly thought was unique to our species is to be found in those species too.

For example, we were once believed to be the only species able to construct and use tools, or devise solutions to problems, but chimpanzees, as well as many other unrelated species) are capable of those things too; we once thought we were the only ape that routinely gathered food then shared it with others, but bonobos do that too. Bonobos even offer food to strangers in a form of hospitality that has its counterpart in the way we offer food and drink to visitors in our homes. Captive bonobos have been shown to prefer to share their food with another bonobo who has none, than to eat alone.

Bonobos (Pan paniscus) and common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are both species of great apes and are genetically very similar, with a DNA difference of only about 1.3%. However, there are some key differences between the two species, including:

1. Physical Appearance: Bonobos have a slimmer body with longer limbs than chimpanzees, and they are generally darker in color. Bonobos also have a hairstyle that parts in the middle of the head, while chimpanzees have a crown-like hairstyle.
2. Social Behavior: Bonobos are often referred to as the "make love, not war" apes because they use sex as a way to diffuse tension and resolve conflicts within their social groups. Chimpanzees, on the other hand, are known for their aggressive behavior, including hunting, territorial battles, and even war between different groups.
3. Diet: While both species eat a primarily vegetarian diet, chimpanzees are known to supplement their diet with meat, including hunting and scavenging for prey. Bonobos, on the other hand, are largely herbivorous and have not been observed hunting for meat in the wild.
4. Habitat: Chimpanzees are found in a wide range of habitats throughout sub-Saharan Africa, from forests to savannas, while bonobos are only found in the dense forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
5. Conservation Status: Both species are endangered due to habitat loss, hunting, and disease, but bonobos are considered to be more endangered than chimpanzees, with an estimated population of only around 15,000 individuals compared to around 170,000 for chimpanzees.

Reference:

Fruth, B., Hohmann, G., & Linsenmair, K. E. (2015).
Chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas: Differences and similarities in ecology, behavior, and conservation.
In M. Kappeler (Ed.), Long-Term Field Studies of Primates (pp. 169-187). Springer International Publishing.

ChatGPT. (2023, April 5). What is the difference between bonobos and common chimpanzees? [Response to a question]. Retrieved from https://github.com/openai/gpt-3

In the following article, reprinted from The Conversation, Professor Jose Yong, Assistant professor of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK, explains what a study of bonobos and chimpanzees can tell us about ourselves, because we are so close in evolutionary terms. The article is reformatted for stylistic consistency. The original can be read here:

Published: April 4, 2023 11.55am BST

Bonobos and chimps: what our closest relatives tell us about humans

Credit: Oleg Senkov/Shutterstock

Jose Yong, Northumbria University, Newcastle

Humans are an interesting mixture of altruism and competition. We work together well at times and at others we will fight to get our own way. To try to explain these conflicting tendencies, researchers have turned to the chimpanzees and the bonobos for insight.

Among the great apes, the chimpanzees and the bonobos are the most genetically related to us as we share about 98.7% of our DNA with them. We share a common ancestor with them as well as anatomical features, complex social hierarchies and problem-solving skills.

Bonobos may be one of our closest cousins but chimpanzees dominated research after Jane Goodall discovered in the 1960s that chimpanzees make and use tools. This finding paved the way for research on chimpanzees as a lens to understand which human aspects are natural rather than socially conditioned. An array of human characteristics, including empathy, playfulness and respect for elders have since been attributed to our shared ancestry with chimpanzees.

The aggressive chimp in us

However, one disturbing characteristic stands out. Chimpanzees “go ape” and attack each other in coordinated assaults. Dutch primate expert Frans de Waal’s 1982 book Chimpanzee Politics included a colourful description of how Luit and Nikkie, two young male chimpanzees, allied to violently usurp Yeroen, the alpha male. They bit and ripped out Yeroen’s testicles and the loss of blood killed him.

One argument scientists have made is that these warlike tendencies are hardwired in us the same way they are hardwired in chimpanzees, which challenges the view that wars are a man-made phenomenon. Chimps can also help us learn about the circumstances that might encourage aggression, such as when rivals are outnumbered or when positions in the status hierarchy are being negotiated.

Nevertheless, J. B. Mulcahy, co-director at the Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest in the US, believes aggression only “makes up a very small part of their daily activity”. So some scientists may have overemphasised this trait. Increasingly, research is actually showing how cooperative chimpanzees can be.

The gentle bonobo

Once overlooked, researchers are recognising bonobos as more similar than chimpanzees to humans. Which, considering their reputation as amicable apes, is good news for us.

Unlike the male-dominated groups of chimpanzees, bonobos live in peaceful communities where the chief is female. Indeed, human societies tend to be matriarchal when there is little direct competition for resources.

In bonobo communities, sexual relations play an important role in maintaining relationships and resolving conflicts. For instance, the prospect of food can stir chimpanzees into a hostile frenzy, but bonobos take a more harmonious approach and will gather for what often turns into a polyamorous picnic. There is plenty of sexual play and grooming reminiscent of our own free love movements in hippie culture. While the alpha female is typically smaller than the males, all the females will rally around her to chase the males away should they turn aggressive.

Bonobos are known for their peace-loving nature.

Credit: Wirestock Creators/Shutterstock

Bonobos are also rather eager to share. Experiments at Lola ya Bonobo, a bonobo sanctuary in the Democratic Republic of Congo, in 2010 show that when bonobos are put in adjacent rooms and one is given food, that bonobo would rather share the food than eat alone. They have also been observed sharing food with those outside of their group, perhaps to make new friends. And they demonstrate a willingness to help others obtain food even if they won’t get to share it.

Bonobos may even have better social intelligence than chimpanzees. In experiments where various animals were presented with upside-down cups with a treat hidden under one of them, chimpanzees kept choosing the cups at random but bonobos (and dogs) looked to the human running the experiment for information on which cup was correct. Bonobos also have brain circuits that seem more predisposed to sharing, tolerance, negotiation and cooperation than chimpanzees.

So where exactly do humans stand? We seem to have incorporated the traits of both species, resulting in a tension between our aggressive and harmonious proclivities. Our tendency for conflict mirrors the competitiveness of chimpanzees, and yet the bonobos teach us that we have it in us to be altruistic and that society can be organised in more peaceful ways. This selflessness underlies the large-scale cooperation that has helped Homo sapiens share ideas, form nations, explore the universe and outlast other early humans such as Homo erectus.

And while the idea of societies built on free love may sound like a utopian fairytale, we do seem to be opening up to alternative mating practices such as consensual non-monogamy in response to a world that is getting increasingly jaded with traditional notions of gender and relationship structures. The flexibility of human behaviour is after all the cornerstone of our remarkable adaptability. So it can’t hurt to be open to new possibilities.
Jose Yong, Assistant professor of Psychology , Northumbria University, Newcastle

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

Published by The Conversation.
Open access. (CC BY 4.0)

And of course, as we've come to expect, there is no suggestion there that the Theory of Evolution is not capable of explaining the observed facts or that creationism, with its dependence on childish notions like magic, is a better tool for understanding them.

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