Unintelligent Design - How Evolution Keeps on Reinventing the Wheel

Zebra plant Aphelandra squarrosa

Golden dead-nettle Lamium galeobdolon

Both plants produce benzoxazinoids but with entirely different biochemical pathways

© Karin Groten,
Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology

Benzoxazinoids are produced in very different plants, such as the zebra plant Aphelandra squarrosa (left), the golden dead-nettle Lamium galeobdolon (right) and maize. Comparative studies of the plant metabolites and the genes expressed have now demonstrated how flexible plant metabolism is. The formation of benzoxazinoids in the three species is based on different enzyme classes and has thus evolved independently of one another.

© Karin Groten, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology

Nature is inventive - the same substance is produced differently by plants | Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology

Imagine for a moment that you're a supremely intelligent designer and you just designed a metabolic pathway for producing a substance in plants that is intended to deter other creatures you designed earlier to eat the plants, from eating them.

No! I know that's not an intelligent thing to do but work with me on this one!

Then, the same problem you've created which the animals you've designed doing what you've designed them to do, and eating other plants you've designed, so how do you solve that problem?

Being intelligent, you give those plants the same metabolic pathway to produce the same deterrent substances you've just designed, don't you?

Well, yes, if you were truly intelligent you would, but not if you're creationism's putative intelligent [sic] designer. If you're creationism’s putative intelligent [sic] designer, you set about creating entirely new metabolic pathways for each plant to produce the same deterrent chemicals! In metaphorical design terms, it’s the equivalent of inventing the wheel anew every time you need to put wheels on a cart.

Would you employ such a designer?

Creationists regard this as supreme intelligence - which probably tells us a great deal about creationists and probably explains why they're creationists in the first place.

You might think this example is made up to make creationists look even more gullible, but it's actually based on real science as revealed recently by researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany. These researchers have found that distantly related plants use different enzymes and different biochemical pathways to produce the defence compounds, benzoxazinoids, and with different enzymes come different sets of genes.

The researchers found that these biochemical pathways have evolved in plants at least three time and don't have their origins in a common ancestor.

Creationism in Crisis - Now it's Tree Rings Recording Solar Storms 4,300 Years Before The Universe Existed! Oops!

Artist illustration of events on the sun changing the conditions in Near-Earth space

Credit: NASA

The Miyake Event is the biggest yet discovered.

Alamy/PA

Researchers identify largest ever solar storm in tree rings | University of Leeds

It's probably unkind to laugh at creationists, who probably genuinely don't know any better and are too dim to learn any science. But they leave us little choice when they wave aside all the evidence of a 14 billion-year-old Universe and a 3.8 billion-year-old Earth as 'wrong' or 'scientists lying' or 'planted by Satan to mislead us', or even 'faked by God the liar almighty as a test of faith', in favour of an evidence free-superstition they were taught by their parents and which they are too terrified to let go off in case they get a zap from an invisible, magic mind-reading sky thug, stories about which they were terrorized by as children, or worst of all, they don't feel important enough?

Their infantile superstition is, of course, that Earth is 8-10,000 years old and was created by magic pretty much as we find it today, just because a bunch of Bronze Age pastoralists thought so.

And then along comes an international team of those pesky scientists who only go and produce evidence that a tree was alive on Earth 4,300 years before the Universe supposedly existed and recorded in its annual tree rings a massive solar storm from a sun that supposedly hadn't yet been magicked into existence, and which is allegedly hanging like a lamp from a dome over Earth so we can tell it's not night! (Remember! It's unkind to laugh! LOL!)

Creationism in Crisis - Another Unintelligently Designed Arms Race

Buff-tailed bumblebee,
Bombus terrestris

Asian hornets,
Vespa velutina nigrithorax.

Asian giant hornets, Vespa velutina nigrithorax

Credit: Sandra Rojas-Nossa

Bumblebees drop to shake off Asian hornets - News

Let's quickly run through the sort of thing creationists need to believe is an example of supreme intelligence, in order to retain their delusion that what their mummy and daddy told them can't possibly be wrong and they really were specially designed by the magic creator of the universe who hold them in especially high regard.

An intelligent [sic] designer (there can only be one because Abrahamic dogma insists there is only one creator - apart from something called 'sin' which somehow transformed itself from a verb to a noun and magically became a creative entity, over which their god has no power) designed the buff-tailed bumblebee to travel from flower to flower, collecting pollen and nectar and pollinating the flowers as it does so. So far, so good.

Then the same intelligent [sic] designer decided these bumblebees, along with other related species of bee, would be ideal food for a predatory giant hornet that it was designing so it created these hornets with the ability to hunt down and kill bumblebees.

Now, that solution to the problem of what to provide giant hornets with for food is now a problem for it to solve. In other words, it didn't realise its solution - killing and eating bumblebees - would be a problem for bumblebees.

Once it did realise the problem it had stupidly err... intelligently created, it set about finding a solution. So, it brilliantly gave the buff-tailed bumblebee, but no other bees, a defensive strategy so they could stop giant hornets doing what they were intelligently [sic] designed to do.

I wonder how long it will take this solitary designer to realise that this is now a problem for giant hornets and set about designing a solution for that problem it intelligently [sic] created!

But it turns out that buff-tailed bumblebees’ defensive strategy probably wasn’t designed to protect it from giant hornets after all, but from some, as yet unidentified predator (which could even be extinct now). The stupidity was in designing giant hornets to try to catch them in the first place when they had already been given a defence against them!

of course, what I described there is the classic evolutionary arms race that is the cause of a considerable proportion of biodiversity as species compete with one another, seek to avoid being eaten, or try to find a way not to starve, for long enough to produce the next generation. The obvious lack of planning and foresight is how we know there was no intelligence and no plan in the process which created it.

How the buff-tailed bumblebees’ escape strategy was discovered by researchers from the University of Exter, Cornwall, UK together with colleagues at the Spanish universities of Vigo, Pontevedra, and Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, who have published their findings in an open access paper in Communications Biology. It is explained in a news release from the University of Exeter:

Creationism in Crisis - Astronomers Discover The Early Stages of Planatary Formation - About Which The Bible is Silent

An image of the radio wave emission strength from the disk around DG Taurus, observed with ALMA. Rings have not yet formed in the disk, suggesting that it is just before planet formation.

Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), S. Ohashi et al.

How the Bible's authors saw the Universe.

Press Releases - Astronomers Discover First Step Toward Planet Formation - ALMA

The universe described by the Bronze Age story in the Bible is almost laughable in its naivety, yet there are still ignorant people who think it was accurately described by the creator of it.

It has a flat Earth at the centre, with a dome over it to keep the water above the sky out, and the sun and moon are lamps hung from the dome to tell us when it’s day or night. All the stars, which we now know are vast galaxies or even superclusters of galaxies, millions of lightyears away, are described as small lights fixed to the inside of the dome, which can shake lose and fall to Earth during earthquakes.

Apart from a magic man speaking some magic words, there is no explanation of how the planet Earth formed, nor any appreciation of planetary systems orbiting a central sun, and of course, no hint that there could be trillions of such planetary systems or the vastness of the Universe.

Of course, you can't really blame the authors who wrote that stuff in the fearful infancy of our species. They were only doing their best with what little knowledge they had. What you can blame though are the ignorant fools who have failed to keep up with scientific discoveries and who still believe those laughably naïve myths are real science and history.

To add to their embarrassment, astronomers have now confirmed what we have suspected for many years now - that planetary systems and planets like Earth form in the accretion discs of second or third generation stars which were formed from condensing clouds of gas and debris produced by exploding earlier stars at the end of their life. These clouds contained not only hydrogen, helium, lithium and lighter elements but also heavier elements produced in the last stages of the earlier sun's demise as it collapsed inwards, forcing the lighter elements in its core to form heavier elements such as iron, calcium, carbon, silicon, oxygen, etc.

As the new sun's gravity pulls these larger elements towards it, angular momentum forces them into a flattened disc orbiting the sun. It was in these discs that the planets condensed around orbitally-stable centres of gravity.

Unintelligent Design News - The Needless Complexity of Acoels-Microalgae Symbiosis

Acoel, a primitive flatworm-like multicellular marine organism

Photo: Christopher Laumer

A simple, multicellular, acoel.

Shining a light on tiny, solar-powered animals | Hokkaido University

Let's step into fantasy land and assume the creationist superstition of an intelligent [sic] designer is true for a moment.

Once upon a time this designer designed photosynthesis and put it in the cyanobacteria, which meant they were able to live on sunlight and carbon dioxide (CO₂whilst giving off oxygen as a waste product. It didn't do a particularly decent job of it and included probably the least efficient known enzyme, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo), but that’s another story.

Later on, it decided simple plants called algae also needed to live on sunlight and CO₂, so what did it do? Instead of doing what any normal intelligent designer would do and give them the same process it gave to the cyanobacteria, it put lots of cyanobacteria inside the algae, where they became the chloroplasts! Apparently, the simple solution wasn't complex enough.

Later on, this same designer decided a group of primitive multicellular marine flatworm-like organisms called acoels also needed to live on sunlight and CO₂, so what did it do? Did it give them the same process it had designed for the cyanobacteria? Of course not! Did if put cyanobacteria into the cells of the acoels like it had the algae? Of course not! Those would be simple solutions to the problem.

This time it didn’t even needlessly increased the complexity of acoels by putting whole algae, containing the cyanobacteria, inside the acoel cells. It went for an even more complex solution. Bizarrely, it actually designed the acoels to find and capture photosynthetic algae and insert them into their own cells!

So much for creationists superstitions and their idiotic insistence that maximal complexity is evidence of intelligent design, not minimal complexity, as any normal intelligent designer would design for. Needless complexity is actually evidence for unintelligent design.

Climate Change News - As Earth's Temperature Rises, Humanity is Slowly Grasping the Fact That There is No Planet B

Increasingly dangerous wildfires are just one consequence of climate change. Here, a man watches in 2013 as the Springs fire in California approaches.

Credit: David McNew Getty Images

6 reasons why global temperatures are spiking right now

A Pharmacy shop sign displays the outside temperature of 46 Celsius degrees (114.8 F) in downtown Rome, July 18, 2023.

AP Photo/Domenico Stinellis

As I have commented before, probably the most dangerous delusion fostered by the Abrahamic religions, is that Earth was given to humankind for our exclusive use and that we are being watched over by a benevolent magic guardian in the sky who will ensure that no long-term harm will come to us and our planet. This delusion could well result in us making this planet, our life-support system in the cosmos, uninhabitable by all but a small number of species such as bacteria and cockroaches.

Fundamentalist 'loving' Christians jibber excitedly about the 'end times', looking forward to the day when their imaginary friend comes to Earth and kills everyone who disagrees with them so they can have everything for themselves, but the only end times we face are the end times for all of us, just assuredly as a space man systematically destroying his own spaceship.

So, what is causing the record temperatures we are experiencing this year, where records are not only being broken almost every day, but being broken by record margins? In the following article, reprinted from The Conversation, Andrew King, Senior Lecturer in Climate Science, The University of Melbourne gives six reasons for these record temperatures. His article is reprinted under a Creative Commons licence, reformatted for stylistic purposes:

Creationism in Crisis - Humans Were Walking About in North America 10-13,000 Years Before Creationists Think Humans Were Created

Human footprints beside an ancient lake in New Mexico more than 20,000 years ago.

National Park Service

Study confirms age of oldest fossil human footprints in the Americas | Bournemouth University

10,000 years ago, according to the Bronze Age Canaanite creation myths in the Bible, a magic man in the sky created humans without ancestors, and either before or afterwards, according to the two different versions, he created all the animals too. And animals and humans went forth and multiplied to populate Earth.

White Sands footprints

Bennett, et al (2021)

A few thousand years later, in a fit of pique, because his 'perfect' design hadn't turned out the way he intended, he murdered almost everything in a genocidal flood and Earth had to be repopulated from just eight humans and either two or six of the other animal species (again depending on the version) after the humans had sacrificed one of every species as a thank you for the genocide, Earth was again repopulated from these impossibly narrow genetic bottlenecks.

Creationists also insist that all sedimentary rocks were deposited in their mythical genocidal flood.

Some people still believe that myth to be accurate history, despite all the evidence against it and the fact that there is no evidence for it, save only for the origin myths in a book which, as science discovers more, is becoming increasingly 'allegorical/metaphorical' in order to avoid admitting it's just plain wrong.

One piece of evidence was revealed in 2021, by researchers from Bournemouth University, UK, the US National Park Service, U.S. Geological Survey, Cornell University, USA and the University of Arizona, USA., which showed that humans were leaving footprints in mud at the edge of a lake in what is now White Sands National Park in New Mexico, North America, 10-13,000 years before Earth was created according to the ancient origin myths.

Creationism in Crisis - How Grasses Acquired New Genetic Information - By Horizontal Gene Transfer

Natural GM crops: grasses take evolutionary shortcut by borrowing genes from their neighbours | News | The University of Sheffield

Alloteropsis semialata, acquired genes by lateral transfer from other species.

Despite Creationist dogma that no new genetic information can arise in a genome without the active intervention of a magic man in the sky, who can magically create information at will, there are several known mechanisms by which this can occur - for example, gene or even whole genome duplication, which leaves spare DNA which can mutate without harming the carrier and which, when filtered through the sieve of natural selection, can give rise to novel genes and new genetic information.

And there is horizontal gene transfer, normally thought of in terms of bacteria sharing genes in the form of plasmids with other bacteria, even from a different species. And scientists are constantly discovering new examples of horizontal gene transfer, sometimes with startling results such as the fruit fly, Drosophila ananassae which has the entire genome of the bacterium Wolbachia incorporated into its genome.

Now a team of researchers at the University of Sheffield, UK, have discovered that the evolution of grasses included frequent horizontal (or lateral) gene transfer, the effects of which were to enable them to grow taller and faster. This is a natural version of genetic modification. The research is reported in the journal New Phytologist and explained in the University of Sheffield press release:

Creationism in Crisis - More Evidence of The Positive Psychological Benefits of Awe-Inspiring Science - No Religion Required

Awe-inspiring science can have a positive effect on mental wellbeing, new research finds - Press Releases

Creationists and other religious fundamentalists claim a monopoly on 'spirituality', for example this article on a Jehovah's Witness (aka, liars for Jesus) website which claims you can't be spiritual without believing in their god.

Unbelievably, they cite the Bible in support of that claim, not any real-world observations, experiments or surveys.

However, many scientists, not the least of which are Richard Dawkins, Albert Einstein and Carl Sagan, cite an understanding of science as a source of deep spirituality, a sense of awe and wonder, of oneness with the world and a genuine perspective and appreciation of being alive.

Indeed, my book, What Makes You So Special: From the Big Bang to You is intended to give the reader this sense of awe and wonder from a basic understanding of the scientific processes that led from the Big Bang to the reader's existence here and now, and concludes with the following:

Your journey through space and time has been an adventure of disasters, adaptation, survival and recovery, many, many times you will have been on the brink of extinction - the fate of 99% of all known ancient species - yet your ancestors survived and because they were good at surviving you are here and now. You will live for a mere flash in the time-scale of the Universe but in the vast darkness of the cosmos there can surely be few flashes as bright as your bright spark of consciousness.

Be proud. Be very proud. But at the same time be humbled by the enormity of the events which produced you and the fragility of it all.

Stars died and because they died, you live. You are made by stars out of stardust and in a very real sense; because you are made of the same stuff the Universe is made of and are a part of it, there is something even more wonderful about you. Through you, though not just through you, and maybe not just here on this small planet, the Universe has gained self–awareness and can begin to understand itself.

Through you it can stand on the surface of this beautiful little jewel in the cosmos, can look up in awe at itself and think "Wow!"

You are special. You are unique and you were nearly 14 billion years in the making.

That is your story. Enjoy it while it lasts.

Rosa Rubicondior, What Makes You So Special, page 152

And perhaps Carl Sagan said it better and more succinctly with:

When we recognize our place in an immensity of light years and in the passage of ages, when we grasp the intricacy, beauty and subtlety of life, then that soaring feeling, that sense of elation and humility combined, is surely spiritual.

Carl Sagan, (2011). The demon-haunted world: Science as a candle in the dark. Ballantine Books. (Original work published 1996)

And of course, as Albert Einstein famously said in a letter to J. Dispentier, when refuting false claims that he was a theist or even a Christian:

It was, of course, a lie what you read about my religious convictions, a lie which is being systematically repeated. I do not believe in a personal God and I have never denied this but have expressed it clearly. If something is in me which can be called religious then it is the unbounded admiration for the structure of the world so far as our science can reveal it.

Albert Einstein. Letter to J. Dispentiere, March 24, 1954 Source: Wikipedia - Albert Einstein's Religious Views.

And now we have experimental evidence from psychologists that science can be a source of spiritual experience, with all the psychological benefits, as some people claim religion to be. The paper, reporting on three linked studies, by researchers at the Department of Psychology at the University of Warwick, UK, is published open access in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, and is explained in a Warwick University press release:

Creationism in Crisis - Scientists Have Identified a Likely Human Migration Route Out of Africa - 70,000 Years Before Creationists Think Humans Existed

Wadi Gharandal riverine wetland along the Jordan Rift Valley.

Credit: Mahmoud Abbas

Early Human Migrants Followed Lush Corridor-Route Out Of Africa | University of Southampton

Fig. 1. Map showing archaeological, paleoclimatological, and paleoenvironmental records from the Levant and Arabia mentioned in the text.

(A) The arrows indicate the suggested routes of human dispersals out of Africa [see (9, 17)]. The blue squares show sites with human fossils and footprints in northern Arabia, including those at Al Wusta paleolake (4) and Alathar paleolake (16), respectively. The green circles refer to paleolake/wetland sediments in the western desert of Egypt and Arabia, namely: Bir Tirfawi and Bir Sahara (52), Khall Amayshan (21), Mundafan (22), Khujaymah (22), and Saiwan (60). The green triangles show speleothem deposition in caves in the eastern desert of Egypt, including Saqia cave (43), Wadi Sannur (45), and in southern Arabia including Hoti cave in Oman and Mukkala cave in Yemen (23, 59). The main dated archaeological site in southeastern Arabia is Jebel Faya in the UAE (blue rhombus) (24, 58).

(B) Digital elevation model map of the Levant showing the location of the study areas (yellow stars) along the Jordan Rift Valley (Wadi Gharandal and Gregra) and in the Jordanian Plateau (Wadi Hasa), and the paleolakes and speleothem records in the region. Paleolakes are represented by green circles, namely: Qa'a Azraq (53), Jurf Ed Darawish (26, 32), Lake Elji (54), Qa'a Jafr (27, 55), and Qa'a Mudawwara (28). Speleothem records in the Levant include Soreq cave (green triangle) (44, 46), and the blue squares show sites with human fossils including Skhul and Qafzeh caves (5). The source of digital elevation model data is derived from www.gscloud.cn.

Abbas, M; Lai, Z; Jansen, J.D., et al (2023) (CC BY-NC 4.0)

According to creationist cult dogma, humans were created by magic 8-10,000 years ago. 70,000 years before that, modern humans were migrating out of Africa, having evolved there during the previous tens of millions of years, according to palaeontological, archaeological and genetic evidence.

There are several possible routes by which they could have migrated into Eurasia and from there into the rest of the world, and archaeologists have just reported finding just one such route up the East African coast, across the Sinai Peninsula, down the Red Sea coast of Arabia, through what is now Yemen and Oman and from there to Coastal South Asia.

An alternative route could have been to cross the narrow sea crossing at the southern end of the Red Sea, to southern Arabia and then go north to the Jordan Valley or along the southern coast of Arabia to Oman.

This conclusion comes from the fact that at that time, the Jordan Valley was a “well-watered corridor” which funneled hunter-gatherers through The Levant towards western Asia and northern Arabia via Jordan. Wandering tribes of hunter-gatherer have no particular destination in mind and would have migrated through where the environment provided food and water, so a watered corridor would naturally provide such a route.

This discovery was made by researchers from the University of Southampton (UK) and Shantou University (China), together with colleagues in Jordan, Australia and the Czech Republic. It is published open access in Science Advances and is explained in a press release from Southampton University:

Creationism in Crisis - How Science is Fighting Creationism's Divine Malevolence With Nobel Prize-Winning Science

Katalin Karikó (right) and Drew Weissman, the winners of the 2023 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their discoveries enabling the development of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines

Peggy Peterson Photography
Penn Medicine / Via Reuters

Nobel prize in medicine awarded to mRNA pioneers – here's how their discovery was integral to COVID vaccine development

Of course, no serious biologist things they are fighting and invisible magic creator in the sky who is actively designing parasites to harm us, or designing anything else, for that matter, but creationists believe that's just what they are doing.

Some even go so far as claiming scientists, together with their technical staff and publishers, are all part of a secret Satanic conspiracy to mislead people about what their god has created, including the parasites and the suffering and misery they cause, apparently.

So, this piece of research must come across to genuine creationists who really do believe what their cult mandates them to believe, as scientists waging a war on their god's creation.

The war, of course, is a war that medical science has always waged against suffering and the causes of suffering, because increasing the sum total of happiness, but reducing the unhappiness in the world, is basic humanist morality - something that would appear to be lacking in creationists' putative intelligent [sic] designer.

A particularly successful recent war was the war against the SARS-CoV-2 virus that caused the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic still raging throughout the world, but thanks to the success of medical science, in a much less virulent form, most people having been protected by the mRNA vaccine developed by Nobel Prize-winning scientists, Dr Katalin Karikó and Dr Drew Weissman of the University of Pennsylvania and a massive world-wide effort to find a vaccine.

First a little about mRNA vaccines:

Creationism in Crisis - Killer Whales Exibit 'Uniquely Human' Behaviour

A killer whale in the Salish Sea is observed harassing a porpoise, a behavior that has long perplexed scientists. A study from Wild Orca and UC Davis’ SeaDoc Society investigates what may be behind it.

Photo credit: Wild Orca

Why Are Killer Whales Harassing and Killing Porpoises Without Eating Them? | UC Davis

A pod of Southern Resident orcas

Photo: NOAA Fisheries.

The problem creationists have with trying to cling to a counter-factual superstition like theirs is that so many facts run counter to it. To normal people, that might be considered a good reason to reassess their opinions and drop those shown to be at odds with the facts and form some based on reality instead.

Not so creationists. To a creationist, the thought of being wrong is an existential threat which, if allowed to develop, would destroy their entire world view which has them at the centre of a specially created universe, the creator of which holds them in high regard. Dropping this childish belief would mean they don't feel as important as they think they are and would maybe have to think the unthinkable - a universe which doesn't have them at the centre of it and eventual oblivion in which the world continues to exist and function without them in it or able to observe it from a privileged position.

The Salish Sea. Location for the study.

All my recent blog posts, especially the 'Creationism in Crisis' series, have shown instances where scientific research has revealed facts which refute basic creationist articles of faith and cult dogmas, and this one is no exception. It deals with a core dogma - that humans were a special creation, created in some material way differently to all other life forms, to which they bear no relationship.

Traditionally, creationists cite examples of how humans are unique, having characteristics shared by no other species - ignoring the fact that that pretty much defines a species and the same case can be made for every other species. One of these is of course another creationist sacred cow - humans have social ethics and a conscience, which creationist dogma asserts could only have come from their particular creator god - the same god whom they believe inflicted a mass genocide on Earth and creates parasites, apparently.

Explaining social ethics, or pr-social behaviour, and a conscience which motivates pro-social behaviour, rewarded by endorphins, is not difficult for science to explain as the result of gene-meme co-evolution in a cooperative species that could not survive as individuals without the support of a social group.

And, to reinforce that, we now have evidence of pro-social behaviour and human-like activities in another species - the orca or killer whale.

At least, that's the explanation for an observed change in behaviour of a pod of orca in the Salish Sea, described in a paper published, open access, in Marine Mammal Science. The investigating team was co-led by Deborah Giles of Wild Orca and Sarah Teman of the SeaDoc Society, a program of University of California Davis (UCDavis) School of Veterinary Medicine.

First a little background on the Southern Resident killer whales, the subject of the study:

Extinction News - How Britain is Exterminating its Wildlife - And What is to be Done

Kentish Plover, Charadrius alexandrinus. Once a resident breeder in Southern England, now a rare vagrant visitor

Credit: Hobbyfotowiki via Wikimedia (CC0)

Norfolk damsel fly, Now extinct in UK.

© Paul Cools (CC BY-NC 4.0 DEED)

One in six UK species threatened with extinction – here's what we could lose (plus how to save them)

One of the great crimes of the Abrahamic religions is the allegedly 'God-given' dominion over the entire planet Earth, its wildlife, its mineral wealth and its land and sea to humankind, to be treated as free and there for the sole benefit of humankind with no other purpose.

In the British Isles this has resulted in a landscape dominated by towns and cities, agriculture and monoclonal forestry, and coastal waters where anything edible is hoovered up and consumed, leaving, in many cases, stocks too small and immature, or too scarce to maintain a stable population, let alone recover.

And our waste in the form of single-use plastics, sewerage, industrial waste such as CO₂ and heavy metals, agricultural run-off containing artificial fertilisers, have polluted and destroyed many waterways. Agricultural monocultures have produced virtual deserts, so far as many species are concerned and destroyed soil structure with over-use of pesticides and artificial fertilisers has led, in a few years, to loss of precious topsoil that took hundreds of thousands of years to create and ploughed-up water-meadows have gone, taking their biodiversity with them.

Consequently, our wild bird, wild mammal, insect and wild plant populations have been in steep and accelerating decline for most of the last two centuries.

According to the following report, we are now faced with the extinction of 1,500 of our 10,000 species. The report, "State of Nature" is the result of a collaboration between a large number of British and Irish conservation and wildlife charities. It can be read here:
The State of Nature report referred to in the article may be read here:

Creationism in Crisis - Complexity May be an Accidental Consequence of Evolution, Not its Inevitable Result.

It's reassuring to think humans are evolution's ultimate destination – but research shows we may be an accident

In the creationist parodies of the Theory of Evolution, evolution is presented as a theory that organisms become more and more complex and at the apex of evolution are human beings, the most complex of all species.

Of course, the real TOE says no such thing and claims about aims and purpose, with humans as the intended outcome, are childishly anthropocentric in the extreme. Nor is complexity the inevitable result of evolution since many species, especially parasites, have evolved with a loss of complexity and genetic information. But in general, ignoring parasites, much of evolution does include an increase in complexity, though not always an increase in genetic information. Many salamanders, such as the axolotl, have a much larger genome than humans and even the Christmas tree has a genome 7 times larger than the human genome.

The most complex organism, genetically speaking, is in fact a relatively simple, single-celled amoeba, Amoeba dubia, with a genome 60 times larger than the human genome.